In Situ Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation (SCU-CP) untuk Perkuatan Tanah Pasir
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Abstract
Sand has low bearing capacity due to its low shear strength and lack of cohesion. Chemical improvement is more effective than physical methods for reinforcing sand, as it does not require heavy equipment. Enzyme-Mediated Calcite Precipitation (EMCP) is a chemical method that uses pure urease enzyme, but it is not economical for field applications. Therefore, the Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation (SCU-CP) method, which substitutes pure urease with soybeans, is used as a solution. This study applies SCU-CP to reinforce sand at both laboratory and field scales using Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS), with variations of 1, 2, and 3 pore volumes (PV). The study began with testing sand parameters, including gradation, specific gravity, and void ratio. Treated sand samples were tested using CPT and UCS at both scales. Calcite quantification was conducted to determine the amount and distribution of calcite formed. The results show that SCU-CP increased qc values in coarse and fine sand in the CPT test, with the highest values at 3 PV being 1.28 MPa and 2.01 MPa, respectively. Laboratory UCS tests showed maximum values at 3 PV of 331.13 kPa for coarse sand and 104.38 kPa for fine sand. Field UCS tests showed values of 193.19 kPa for coarse sand and 210.84 kPa for fine sand. Calcite distribution was uniform, with actual calcite content reaching 27.66 - 34.10% of the theoretical mass.
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Ananda, F. R., Putra, H., Erizal, E., Prayoga, A., & Lamuse, M. (2025). In Situ Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation (SCU-CP) untuk Perkuatan Tanah Pasir. Cantilever: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Bidang Teknik Sipil, 14(2), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.35139/cantilever.v14i2.464
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[26] H. Putra, H. Yasuhara, N. Kinoshita, D. Neupane, and C. W. Lu, “Effect of magnesium as substitute material in enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation for soil-improvement technique,” Front Bioeng Biotechnol, vol. 4, no. MAY, p. 185845, May 2016, doi: 10.3389/FBIOE.2016.00037/BIBTEX.
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[32] M. G. Gomez, C. M. R. Graddy, J. T. DeJong, D. C. Nelson, and M. Tsesarsky, “Stimulation of Native Microorganisms for Biocementation in Samples Recovered from Field-Scale Treatment Depths,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2018, doi: 10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001804.
[33] A. Mahawish, A. Bouazza, and W. P. Gates, “Improvement of Coarse Sand Engineering Properties by Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation,” Geomicrobiology Journal, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 887–897, 2018, doi: 10.1080/01490451.2018.1488019.
[34] X. W. Ren and J. C. Santamarina, “The hydraulic conductivity of sediments: A pore size perspective,” Engineering Geology, vol. 233, no. November 2017, pp. 48–54, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.11.022.
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[36] P. Kay. Robertson and K. Cabal, Guide to Cone Penetration Testing, 7th ed. Signa Hill (US): Gregg Drilling LLC, 2022. doi: 10.1007/978-0-85729-439-5.
[37] M. G. Gomez, C. M. Anderson, C. M. R. Graddy, J. T. DeJong, D. C. Nelson, and T. R. Ginn, “Large-Scale Comparison of Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation Approaches for Biocementation of Sands,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 143, no. 5, pp. 1–13, 2017, doi: 10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001640.
[38] P. G. Oktafiani, H. Putra, and Sutoyo, “Scale-Up Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation ( SCU-CP ) Method for Sandy Soil Improvement,” IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci, vol. 1249, 2023, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1249/1/012035.
[2] N. Juliana and N. F. B. Bawadi, “Effects of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Soft Soil on Subgrades Performances in Lubuk Bayas Village, Serdang Bedagai Regency,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2023, pp. 0–5. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012017.
[3] H. Afrin, “A Review on Different Types Soil Stabilization Techniques,” International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 19, 2017, doi: 10.11648/j.ijtet.20170302.12.
[4] W. H. Perloff and W. Baron, Soil Mechanics : Principles and Applications. New York (US): John Wily & Sons, 1976.
[5] G. Wibisono, S. A. Nugroho, and K. Umam, “THE INFLUENCE of SAND’s GRADATION and CLAY CONTENT of DIRECT SHEART TEST on CLAYEY SAND,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 316, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/316/1/012038.
[6] J. Huang and A. E. Hartemink, “Soil and environmental issues in sandy soils,” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 208, no. June, p. 103295, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103295.
[7] Darwis, Dasar-Dasar Teknik Perbaikan Tanah. Yogyakarta (ID): Pustaka Aq, 2017.
[8] A. J. Choobbasti, A. Vafaei, and S. S. Kutanaei, “Mechanical properties of sandy soil improved with cement and nanosilica,” Open Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 111–116, 2015, doi: 10.1515/eng-2015-0011.
[9] M. P. Harkes, L. A. van Paassen, J. L. Booster, V. S. Whiffin, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, “Fixation and distribution of bacterial activity in sand to induce carbonate precipitation for ground reinforcement,” Ecological Engineering, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 112–117, Feb. 2010, doi: 10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2009.01.004.
[10] H. Putra and I. Yudhistira, “Improvement of the California Bearing Ratio of Peat Soil Using Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation,” Civil Engineering Journal (Iran), vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 2411–2423, 2022, doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-11-04.
[11] R. Prayodi et al., “Influence of Soybean and Reagent Concentration on Characteristics of Precipitated Materials,” Journal of GeoEngineering JOG, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 16–28, 2025, doi: 10.6310/jog.202503_20(1).0002.
[12] N. Tiwari, N. Satyam, and M. Sharma, “Micro-mechanical performance evaluation of expansive soil biotreated with indigenous bacteria using MICP method,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89687-2.
[13] H. Yasuhara, D. Neupane, K. Hayashi, and M. Okamura, “Experiments and predictions of physical properties of sand cemented by enzymatically-induced carbonate precipitation,” Soils and Foundations, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 539–549, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2012.05.011.
[14] H. S. Baiq, H. Yasuhara, N. Kinoshita, H. Putra, and E. Johan, “Examination of calcite precipitation using plant-derived urease enzyme for soil improvement,” International Journal of GEOMATE, vol. 19, no. 72, pp. 231–237, 2020, doi: 10.21660/2020.72.9481.
[15] L. Lofianda, H. Putra, and H. Yasuhara, “Pengaruh Variasi Ukuran Butiran Tepung Kedelai pada Metode Calcite Precipitation untuk Peningkatan Kekuatan Tanah Pasir,” Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 29–36, 2023, doi: 10.29244/jsil.8.1.29-36.
[16] L. Lofianda, H. Putra, Erizal, Sutoyo, and H. Yasuhara, “Potentially of soybean as bio-catalyst in calcite precipitation methods for improving the strength of sandy soil,” Civil Engineering and Architecture, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 2317–2325, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.13189/cea.2021.090719.
[17] C. Zeng et al., “Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a Field Trial Application of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation for Ground Stabilization,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 147, no. 7, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002545/.
[18] L. A. Van Paassen, G. Ranajit, van der L. Thomas, J., M., van der S. Wouter, R., L., and van L. Mark, C., M., “Quantifying Biomediated Ground Improvement by Ureolysis: Large-Scale Biogrout Experiment,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 136, no. 12, pp. 1721–1728, 2010.
[19] P. G. Oktafiani, H. Putra, and Sutoyo, “Scale-Up Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation ( SCU-CP ) Method for Sandy Soil Improvement,” IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci, vol. 1249, 2023, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1249/1/012035.
[20] [BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional, SNI 1964:2008 Cara Uji Berat Jenis Tanah. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 1964.
[21] [ASTM] American Society for Testing and Material, ASTM D2487-17 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). Pensylvania (US): American Society for Testing and Materials, 2017. doi: 10.1520/D2487-17E01.2.
[22] [ASTM] American Society for Testing and Materials, D4253-16 Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vitory Table. Pensylvania (US): American Society for Testing and Materials, 2016. doi: 10.1520/D4253-16.
[23] [ASTM] American Society for Testing and Materials, D4254-16 Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density. Pensylvania (US): American Society for Testing and Materials, 2016. doi: 10.1520/D4254-16.1.
[24] H. Putra, Erizal, Sutoyo, M. Simatupang, and D. H. Y. Yanto, “Improvement of organic soil shear strength through calcite precipitation method using soybeans as bio-catalyst,” Crystals, vol. 11, no. 9, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.3390/cryst11091044.
[25] H. Putra, H. Yasuhara, N. Kinoshita, . E., and T. Sudibyo, “Improving Shear Strength Parameters of Sandy Soil using Enzyme-Mediated Calcite Precipitation Technique,” Civil Engineering Dimension, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 91–95, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.9744/ced.20.2.91-95.
[26] H. Putra, H. Yasuhara, N. Kinoshita, D. Neupane, and C. W. Lu, “Effect of magnesium as substitute material in enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation for soil-improvement technique,” Front Bioeng Biotechnol, vol. 4, no. MAY, p. 185845, May 2016, doi: 10.3389/FBIOE.2016.00037/BIBTEX.
[27] H. Putra, H. Yasuhara, N. Kinoshita, D. Neupane, and C. W. Lu, “Effect of magnesium as substitute material in enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation for soil-improvement technique,” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 4, no. MAY, p. 185845, May 2016, doi: 10.3389/FBIOE.2016.00037/BIBTEX.
[28] [ASTM] American Society for Testing and Materials, WK27337 New Test Method for Pocket Penetrometer Test. Pensylvania (US): American Society for Testing and Materials, 2019.
[29] [BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional, SNI 2827:2008 Cara Uji Penetrasi Lapangan dengan Alat Sondir. Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 2008.
[30] L. Cheng, R. Cord-Ruwisch, and M. A. Shahin, “Cementation of sand soil by microbially induced calcite precipitation at various degrees of saturation,” https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0023, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 81–90, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1139/CGJ-2012-0023.
[31] K. Feng and B. M. Montoya, “Influence of Confinement and Cementation Level on the Behavior of Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitated Sands under Monotonic Drained Loading,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 142, no. 1, p. 04015057, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001379.
[32] M. G. Gomez, C. M. R. Graddy, J. T. DeJong, D. C. Nelson, and M. Tsesarsky, “Stimulation of Native Microorganisms for Biocementation in Samples Recovered from Field-Scale Treatment Depths,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2018, doi: 10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001804.
[33] A. Mahawish, A. Bouazza, and W. P. Gates, “Improvement of Coarse Sand Engineering Properties by Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation,” Geomicrobiology Journal, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 887–897, 2018, doi: 10.1080/01490451.2018.1488019.
[34] X. W. Ren and J. C. Santamarina, “The hydraulic conductivity of sediments: A pore size perspective,” Engineering Geology, vol. 233, no. November 2017, pp. 48–54, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.11.022.
[35] X. W. Ren and J. C. Santamarina, “The hydraulic conductivity of sediments: A pore size perspective,” Engineering Geology, vol. 233, no. November 2017, pp. 48–54, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.11.022.
[36] P. Kay. Robertson and K. Cabal, Guide to Cone Penetration Testing, 7th ed. Signa Hill (US): Gregg Drilling LLC, 2022. doi: 10.1007/978-0-85729-439-5.
[37] M. G. Gomez, C. M. Anderson, C. M. R. Graddy, J. T. DeJong, D. C. Nelson, and T. R. Ginn, “Large-Scale Comparison of Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation Approaches for Biocementation of Sands,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 143, no. 5, pp. 1–13, 2017, doi: 10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001640.
[38] P. G. Oktafiani, H. Putra, and Sutoyo, “Scale-Up Soybean Crude Urease Calcite Precipitation ( SCU-CP ) Method for Sandy Soil Improvement,” IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci, vol. 1249, 2023, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1249/1/012035.
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